Birthing Bliss, Birthing Trauma And Postpartum Depression

I remember looking out of my living room window, drawing on my connection to all the women in the world who had felt this energy before, all who were in that moment, and all who would in time to come.

This energy, this incredible power, was like a wave that I was riding for a brief window of my life, and sharing with my baby to move us through time into a new type of union. To me, this wasn’t anything to resist, to be afraid of or to suppress. All I had to do was be there to witness, and keep my mind from getting in the way.

I came to a place of strong advocacy for homebirth because I am a tireless student of research, opinions and “radical” theory espoused by critical thinkers. I believe in being an informed individual first and a patient second; surrendering my decision-making to a physician trained to perceive childbirth as a pathological process requiring management was not consistent with that perspective. I knew that there were caregivers out there who believed in supporting the body’s natural process in a gentle way and who knew how to provide that support, actively and passively. These are midwives. They are the primary birth attendants in most of the 40-plus nations in the world with more favorable maternal and infant mortality rates than our own.

So, how does a woman get to a place where she can turn her back on a society that teaches birth is a painful nuisance at best, and a horror-show of danger at worst? Through active engagement in informed consent. A careful review of some of the epidemiologic literature, and Jennifer Block’s excellent book on the subject, Pushed, will inform that prospective mother of the fact that countries with the best maternal/infant outcomes have 20 to 30 percent of their babies at home, and a cesarean rate of no higher than 15 percent. In these healthy births, labor begins spontaneously, the woman is free to move about for as long as necessary, and she pushes in an intuitive position. This soon-to-be-birthing reader might be prompted to question some of the casually accepted “rules” of hospital birth, including induction of labor post-dates, the ban on eating and drinking, and active intervention after 24 hours beyond the rupture of membranes. She might note that continuous electronic fetal monitoring is a ubiquitous mandate in the hospital setting, despite an absence of randomized, controlled studies demonstrating any benefit with regard to maternal/infant outcomes (and a noted higher association with cesarean section given the attendant immobilization and anxious interpretations of “the strip”). I give my patients an informative, Lamaze-sponsored handout that highlights the discrepancy between known evidence (including Cochrane reviews, and even ACOG recommendations) and common practice, often militantly imposed.

Pushed discusses a World Health Organization study which identified that only 10 percent of maternity care is justified by scientific evidence (as opposed to insurance constraints, convenience, liability and habitual practice). This wouldn’t be such a concern if the risks associated with interfering in a physiologic birth weren’t so troubling. Some evidence Block mentions:

• Infants born by cesarean are three times more likely to die in the first month, and mothers are twice as likely to die. Cesarean carries risks of infection, including necrotizing fasciitis, organ damage, adhesions, hemorrhage, embolism, hysterectomy, dehiscence, poor respiratory adaptation for the baby, and future development of a major undesirable—placenta acreta (at an incidence of 1/533 in 2005 births, up from 1/19,000 births in 1970).

• Epidurals decrease blood pressure, slow contractions and lengthen labor, increasing the likelihood of tearing, fever and instrumental delivery.

• Vaginal birth after cesarean has a rate of rupture of 1 in 200, which is comparable to the rate of miscarriage with an amniocentesis, but is all but impossible to obtain given the reflexive second, third and fourth cesarean birth plans.

• Homebirth is comparably safe with lower intervention rates, according to common sense and seminal studies.

The problem with the application of these interventions is that they serve to disempower the laboring woman, forcing her to cope with the unintended consequences of the intervention domino effect. Wresting autonomy from an individual in the interest of a questionably evidenced system has feed-forward implications for generations. Perhaps both psychiatry and obstetrics are guilty of pathologizing processes that scare us, and in our effort to subdue, we use crude and inexact implements in acute settings without consideration of the collateral damage.

Even the donning of a hospital gown on arrival puts a woman in the role of a sick patient rather than a conduit for life’s most transcendent contact with creation. I hear frequent reviews from my patients, stating, “the room looked like a battleground,” “I felt like I was drugged…like it wasn’t my baby,” and “I was offered an epidural so many times, I thought I really needed one.” This is not an arena in which we can expect Ina May Gaskin’s “sphincter law” to play out successfully— a woman needs a sense of calm, safety and privacy in order to open her body to the world and bring forth a baby.

Interfering with the sophisticated process of a physiologic birth may have unintended short-, medium-, and long-term effects. Studies like “Gut Microbiota of Healthy Canadian Infants,” published last March in the Canadian Medical Association Journal, allude to the role of vaginal birth in the foundational seeding of the infant’s microbiome, but are there any benefits with regard to mom’s postpartum mood? Does mode of delivery influence the risk of postpartum depression? To my mind, it certainly seems possible that disruption in oxytocin feedback loops through interference with the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal-gonadal axis would set a woman up for near-term difficulty buffering the transition to new motherhood. If a physiologic birth is interfered with, the woman is left to go through the motions unaided by appropriate hormonal cascades—like walking across hot coals without shoes.

Despite the intuitive connection between a mother’s birthrelated trauma and postpartum depression, data addressing the question of whether mode of delivery influences risk is equivocal: some propose no risk associated with cesarean, like a 2012 study published in the Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics, in which depressive symptoms after cesarean were resolved by six months, and another, published in ISRN Obstetrics and Gynecology, that suggested being a housewife with a history of depression were primary risk factors, and a 2006 metanalysis published in Psychosomatic Medicine. Others, including an Armenian study, suggest that cesarean, and particularly elective cesarean, may put a woman at greater risk for postpartum mood disturbance. A prospective cohort study in China found that, at two weeks, women were twice as likely to be depressed (as measured on the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale) if they had a surgical birth. Myriad confounders compromise this data, and I would argue that a woman’s psychological orientation toward self-empowerment—what an empowered birth looks like to her—may be more important than the disruption of the hormonal cascade. The mind is a powerful filter. Perhaps the most provocative study I have come across is a 2008 study published in the Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry: an fMRI evaluation of women responding, in multiple brain regions, to their own babies’ cries, and how this response is blunted after a surgical birth. Could this evolve to be corrected for? I would imagine so, but it suggests that surgical birth should be reserved for the fewer than 10 percent of true emergencies that could not otherwise have been prevented by allowing a woman to labor at her own pace, in her own comfort zone, without any interventions… the way it’s been done for millions of years.